Geodetic monitoring of building deformations based on total station and GNSS measurements in the city of Kentau
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54355/tbus/27897338.6.2.2026.0101Keywords:
geodetic monitoring, building deformations, total station survey, GNSS, mining subsidenceAbstract
Abstract. This study evaluates building deformation in Kentau, Kazakhstan, a post-mining urban area affected by subsidence and flooded underground workings. Two geodetic observation cycles were conducted in May and October 2025 for 14 residential and administrative buildings using GNSS-referenced total station measurements. Reflective markers installed on building corners were observed with a Leica TS10 total station, while local control networks were tied to the city GNSS framework and adjusted in a unified WGS84-based coordinate system. Inter-cycle displacements were then assessed using positional and vertical errors and compared with normative tolerance levels. Valid repeated measurements were obtained for 26 markers on 11 buildings. Approximately 85% of the markers showed planimetric displacement magnitudes below 20 mm, and about 70% showed vertical displacements within ±5 mm. Localized anomalies were recorded at individual markers, including planimetric displacement up to 74.8 mm and vertical displacement values of +616.3 mm and –122.7 mm. The three-marker analysis of building No. 10 indicated differential vertical movement between corners. The results show that GNSS-referenced total station monitoring can provide useful building-scale deformation information in post-mining urban areas, while detected outliers require marker verification, engineering inspection, and continued multi-cycle monitoring.
Downloads
Metrics
References
A. Baltiyeva, E. Orynbassarova, Z. Bimurat, and G. Makhmetova, “Comprehensive ground-space monitoring of geodynamic processes at the Mirgalimsay deposit,” in Proceedings of the 25th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2025, Albena, Bulgaria: SGEM, 2025, pp. 127–136. doi: 10.5593/sgem2025/2.1/s09.16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2025/2.1/s09.16
E. V. Drobinina, S. V. Shcherbakov, D. R. Zolotarev, O. N. Kovin, G. V. Fedorov, and D. A. Inkin, “Assessment of karst hazards within the orogen territories using geophysical methods (on the example of Kentau city and surroundings, Kazakhstan),” News of the Ural State Mining University, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 28–45, 2022, doi: 10.21440/2307-2091-2022-1-28-45.
A. Behera and K. Singh Rawat, “A brief review paper on mining subsidence and its geo-environmental impact,” Materials Today: Proceedings, p. S2214785323020795, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.183
I. S. Gribkova, R. O. Kuzmin, L. A. Shchenyavskaya, and A. A. Panyutishcheva, “Modern methods and devices of geodetic monitoring of buildings and structures,” Science. Engineering. Technology (polytechnical bulletin), no. 2, pp. 44–47, 2023.
Z. M. Pawlak, I. Wyczałek, and P. Marciniak, “Two Complementary Approaches toward Geodetic Monitoring of a Historic Wooden Church to Inspect Its Static and Dynamic Behavior,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 20, p. 8392, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23208392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208392
D. Kirgizbayeva, М. Nurpeisova, K. Menayakov, T. Nurpeisova, and А. Umirbayeva, “Monitoring deformations of engineering structures in seismic regions,” Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 87–97, 2025, doi: 10.51488/1680-080X/2025.2-09. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51488/1680-080X/2025.2-09
D. Paudel, B. Sherchan, and K. P. Bhandari, “A General Review on Application of GNSS for Structural Deformation Monitoring,” in Proceedings of 12th IOE Graduate Conference, Kathmandu, Nepal: Tribhuvan University, 2022, pp. 188–196.
B. B. Imansakipova, Zh. D. Baygurin, and N. B. Imansakipova, “Geodetic observations of high-rise buildings and structures in seismically hazadous areas,” KazNU Bulletin. Geography series, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 44–47, 2014.
C. D. Ghilani and P. R. Wolf, Elementary surveying: an introduction to geomatics, 13th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012.
E. Bayramov, N. Sydyk, S. Nurakynov, A. Yelisseyeva, J. Neafie, and S. Aliyeva, “Advanced Spaceborne InSAR for monitoring tectonic and anthropogenic ground deformation in the seismically sensitive Almaty region, Kazakhstan,” Advances in Space Research, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 118–146, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2025.11.083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2025.11.083
M. Crosetto, O. Monserrat, M. Cuevas-González, N. Devanthéry, and B. Crippa, “Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A review,” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 115, pp. 78–89, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011
V. V. Kazantseva, D. S. Ozhigin, N. Kosarev, A. K. Satbergenova, and S. B. Ozhigina, “Development of complex system of geotechnical monitoring of technogenic objects based on geospatial data,” Journal of Mining Institute, vol. 276, no. 1, pp. 142–156, 2025.
M. M. Abdukarimov, “Analiz zarubezhnogo opyta geodezicheskogo monitoringa deformatsiy gidrotekhnicheskikh sooruzheniy,” vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 18–25, 2026, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.18231593.
A. Ferretti, A. Monti-Guarnieri, C. Prati, F. Rocca, and D. Massonnet, InSAR principles: guidelines for SAR interferometry processing and interpretation. in ESA TM, no. 19. Noordwijk, the Netherlands: ESA Publications, ESTEC, 2007.
M. G. Mustafin, A. V. Zubov, and G. E. Vasiljev, “Deformation estimation procedure for monitoring engineering facilities,” MIAB, vol. 8, 2025, doi: 10.25018/0236_1493_2025_8_0_92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25018/0236_1493_2025_8_0_92
C. D. Ghilani and P. R. Wolf, Adjustment computations: spatial data analysis, 4th ed. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470121498
“SP 305.1325800.2017 Buildings and structures. The rules of geotechnical monitoring under construction,” Moscow, Russia: Standardinform, 2017, p. 57.
V. V. Simonian, A. V. Labuznov, N. V. Angelova, and M. S. Savin, “The comparative analysis of methods of range measurements to asses the applicability of these methods for geodetic monitoring of extended objects,” International scientific, technical and industrial electronic journal «Geo Science», no. 3–4, pp. 22–30, 2011.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rustem Akhmetov, Zhanar Bimurat, Aminyam Baltiyeva, Gulmira Makhmetova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
