Technobius Physics https://technobius.kz/index.php/phys <p><em>Technobius Physics</em> - is a peer-reviewed open-access electronic journal that publishes Articles and (or) Reviews in the fields of General Physics and Condensed Matter Physics, which meet the <a href="https://technobius.kz/index.php/phys/about/submissions#authorGuidelines"><strong>Author Guidelines</strong></a>.</p> <p><strong>ISSN (Online): <a href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/3007-0147" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3007-0147</a></strong></p> <p><strong>Publisher's name: <a href="https://technobius.kz/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Technobius, LLP</a></strong>, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan.</p> en-US technobiusphysics@technobius.kz (Dr. Aida Nazarova (Editor-in-Chief)) technobiusphysics@technobius.kz (Technobius Physics) Sun, 10 Aug 2025 12:50:48 +0500 OJS 3.3.0.7 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Comprehensive Overview of X-Ray Diffraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications in Material Science https://technobius.kz/index.php/phys/article/view/260 <p>This paper provides an overview of XRD, including its principles, instrumentation, data analysis, and applications. While visual characteristics can aid in identifying certain minerals, powder XRD remains the most reliable and accurate method for phase identification and structural analysis. Beyond crystallography, XRD offers valuable insights into the short- and intermediate-range structures of amorphous materials such as glasses, revealing its broader relevance in emerging technologies. It is widely used for analyzing powders, solids, thin films, and nanomaterial. XRD is often combined with techniques like SEM, TEM, PCS, EBSD, SPM, DLS, ND, and SAED to enhance material characterization. The paper covers fundamental principles such as Bragg’s Law and X-ray interaction with crystal lattices, as well as advancements in XRD instrumentation, including X-ray sources, diffractometer, and detectors, reflecting the rapid scientific progress in XRD technology.</p> Hersh F Mahmood, Soran Abdrahman Ahmad, Masood Abu-Bakr Copyright (c) 2025 Hersh F Mahmood, Soran Abdrahman Ahmad, Masood Abu-Bakr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://technobius.kz/index.php/phys/article/view/260 Wed, 06 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0500